A Warm Bowl of Gukbap: Savoring the Fading Memories of Traditional Markets

The enticing aroma of delicious food always wafted through traditional markets. 

Among them, one unforgettable dish was a warm bowl of Gukbap. 

A hearty gulp of hot soup with rice would instantly rejuvenate a body tired from exploring the market. 

Unfortunately, it's becoming increasingly difficult to find the vibrant, bustling five-day markets and traditional markets of yesteryear.

Gukbap at the Market: A Fond Scene from Yesteryear

Gukbap has always been a humble yet hearty dish that was an indispensable part of traditional markets. 

The sight of steam rising from a large cauldron and vendors serving Gukbap at a corner of a rural market on market days is etched in many people's memories. 

Served in sturdy brass bowls, Gukbap wasn't just about filling one's stomach; it was a medium for sharing warmth and camaraderie. In particular, the Toryeom method, where hot broth is repeatedly poured over and drained from the rice to keep it warm, is a tradition passed down through generations, symbolizing a comforting, homemade touch.

Vanishing Traditional Markets and Evolving Gukbap Culture

At one time, Moran Market in Seongnam, Gyeonggi Province, held on the 4th and 9th of each month, was a representative five-day market in the metropolitan area, evoking a sense of nostalgia. 

The fragrant scent of sesame oil from the 'Oil Alley' would fill the air, reminding visitors of old market atmospheres. However, with modernization, much of the boisterous and lively market scene has unfortunately disappeared.

Busan's Gupo Market and Daegu's Chilseong Market were also once bustling with people seeking nutritious, restorative dishes. Like these once-famous traditional markets, it's now hard to experience the old-fashioned atmosphere, which has also impacted Gukbap culture.

Regional Variations of Gukbap

Gukbap is a common dish found in almost every region, much like Sundaeguk (blood sausage soup), but each area boasts its own distinct characteristics.

• Daegu Ttarogukbap: As its name suggests, the soup and rice are served separately. This is believed to have originated from a difference in how people preferred to enjoy their soup in the past. 

While today even Sundaeguk can be served with the soup and rice together or separately, the name 'Ttarogukbap' clearly showcases Daegu's unique Gukbap culture.

• Seonjiguk (Blood Sausage Soup): This soup is made with 'seonji,' congealed blood from cows or pigs. Rich in iron, it's known to be beneficial for people with anemia. 

While it can be enjoyed as a standalone soup with dried napa cabbage, it's also a favorite hangover cure for drinkers, especially when combined with tripe or omasum, like in Yangpyeong Haejangguk.

• Gaejangguk (Yukgaejang): Commonly known as 'Yukgaejang,' this hot and spicy soup is widely loved. Despite the name 'Gaejangguk,' which might be misleading, much like how 'Jwi-po' (dried filefish) is made from filefish and not a mammal, Gaejangguk does not contain dog meat; it simply refers to a type of 'Jangguk' (clear soup). 

The correct term is 'Yukgaejang,' and a version made with chicken is called 'Dakgaejang.'

The Fading Taste of the Market, and Our Memories

Though the Gukbap of traditional markets is slowly fading away, it deeply embodies the joys and sorrows and the very essence of the Korean people's lives. 

The rustic yet warm atmosphere of the market and the comforting bowl of Gukbap tasted within it are not just simple food; they are precious memories and cultural heritage.

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What memories do you have of Gukbap from traditional markets? Share your stories in the comments below!

Targeted Hope: How "Guided Missile" Cancer Drugs (ADCs) Are Revolutionizing Treatment

 The global oncology community is buzzing with excitement, and at the heart of it all is Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) technology. The recent 2025 ASCO (American Society of Clinical Oncology) annual meeting illuminated the incredible potential of ADCs, with clinical trial results hinting at a future where cancer might be conquered within a decade. This isn't just hype; the data shows ADCs are dramatically outperforming traditional therapies, offering new hope to millions.

From Crude Bombs to Precision Strikes: The Evolution of Cancer Treatment

Cancer treatment has come a long long way. From early "carpet bombing" chemotherapy to the precise strikes of targeted therapies, and the immune system's own power harnessed by immunotherapies, each generation has pushed the boundaries. Now, ADCs are emerging as the next frontier, combining the best of what's come before.

1. First Generation: Chemotherapy (Cell-Toxic Agents)

This is the oldest method, attacking rapidly dividing cells. While effective against cancer, it also harms healthy, fast-growing cells (like hair follicles and bone marrow), leading to severe side effects such as hair loss, nausea, fatigue, and weakened immunity.

2. Second Generation: Targeted Therapy

These drugs precisely target specific proteins or genetic mutations unique to cancer cells. Think of Gleevec for chronic myeloid leukemia – a true breakthrough. They cause fewer side effects and are highly effective for specific patient groups. However, their limitations include susceptibility to resistance and high costs.

3. Third Generation: Immunotherapy

Instead of directly attacking cancer cells, immunotherapies empower the patient's own immune system to fight the disease. They work by blocking cancer cells' ability to evade immune detection or by enhancing immune cell function. The result? Significantly fewer side effects than chemotherapy and the potential for long-term treatment benefits.

4. Fourth Generation: ADCs (Antibody-Drug Conjugates) – The "Guided Missiles"

ADCs are the most exciting development yet, combining the pinpoint accuracy of antibodies with the potent killing power of chemotherapy.

How They Work: An antibody, designed to recognize a specific protein (antigen) found only on cancer cells, acts like a "guided missile." This antibody is linked to a powerful anti-cancer drug (the "payload"). The antibody precisely delivers the potent drug directly inside the cancer cell, sparing healthy cells and minimizing devastating side effects. This precision targeting is why they're dubbed "guided missile" therapies.

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ADC Market Soars: Enhertu Leads the Charge

The paradigm shift in cancer treatment is already underway, driven by ADCs. Projections show the ADC market, valued at $7.72 billion in 2023, is set to skyrocket to $38.7 billion by 2029 – a more than fivefold increase!

A standout at ASCO was Enhertu, an ADC co-developed by AstraZeneca and Daiichi Sankyo. Its clinical results were nothing short of phenomenal:

• HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (Phase 3): Enhertu more than doubled patient survival rates (29.0% vs. 13.9% for chemotherapy) and extended progression-free survival by 14 months, reducing the risk of death by an astounding 44%.
• Gastric cancer: It extended survival by 3.3 months over conventional chemotherapy and more than doubled the 24-month survival rate, establishing its potential as a new standard of care.

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The Global Race for ADC Dominance

Enhertu's success has ignited an intense development race among global pharmaceutical giants like Gilead, Pfizer, and MSD. Clinical trials are rapidly expanding across various solid tumors, including lung, triple-negative breast, bladder, and gastric cancers. Combination therapies with immunotherapies are also showing immense promise.

• Gilead's Trodelvy + Keytruda (TNBC): This combination reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 35% in PD-L1 positive triple-negative breast cancer patients, with favorable side effects and low discontinuation rates.
• Pfizer's ADCs + Keytruda (Head & Neck Cancer, Lung Cancer): Early trials showed significant tumor shrinkage in over half of head and neck cancer patients, and similar promising results in lung cancer.
• China's Mabwell's 9MW2821 + Toripalimab (Urothelial Carcinoma): This combination led to tumor reduction in an impressive 90% of urothelial carcinoma patients.

These groundbreaking results are fueling optimism that ADC and immunotherapy combinations could soon replace traditional chemotherapy as the go-to treatment. Even South Korean biopharmaceutical companies are aggressively entering the ADC development arena, signaling a major impact on the domestic biotech industry.

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The Dawn of a New Era: Cancer Conquest Within Reach

ADCs have cemented their position as a leading force in cancer treatment. Their ability to selectively target cancer cells, especially when combined with immunotherapies, is proving to extend patient lives and significantly improve quality of life by minimizing debilitating side effects.

As AstraZeneca CEO Pascal Soriot boldly stated, "Through ADCs, bispecific antibodies, and cell therapies, conquering cancer within 10 years is possible." This vision is no longer a distant dream but a rapidly approaching reality. The paradigm shift from the arduous pain of chemotherapy to precise, guided treatments has already begun.

We are poised to witness a monumental turning point in the next decade: the potential conquest of cancer. ADCs are not just new drugs; they are a cornerstone technology ushering in a new era of precision medicine that prioritizes both efficacy and the patient's well-being.

The Intense Race for AI-Driven Drug Discovery

South Korea's top 10 conglomerates have identified the semiconductor, artificial intelligence (AI), and biotechnology sectors as key future growth engines for the next decade and beyond. Quantum computing and electric vehicles are also considered promising areas.

The biotechnology (Bio) industry, in this context, primarily encompasses the science and industry focused on health, leveraging life science technologies to improve the quality of human life.

This article delves into the current state and future prospects of drug discovery within the bio industry, specifically focusing on the convergence of big data and artificial intelligence.

1. AI's Role in Revolutionizing Drug Discovery

Traditional new drug development is a lengthy, expensive process with a low success rate. 

However, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is significantly enhancing the efficiency and precision of this critical endeavor. 

AI's capabilities in data mining vast datasets and analyzing the structures of target molecules are improving accuracy, predictability, and speed throughout the drug discovery pipeline.

The typical drug development sequence involves several stages: target identification, lead compound discovery, preclinical studies, Phase 1-3 clinical trials, and finally, regulatory review and approval. 

AI is proving particularly valuable in the initial stages of lead compound identification and during the complex clinical trial phases.

In essence, AI-driven drug discovery utilizes clinical data and sophisticated AI algorithms tailored for drug development to expedite and refine the process of bringing new therapeutics to market.

2. Enhanced Utility of AI in Drug Development

To efficiently identify novel drug candidates, AI plays a crucial role in the early design stages. 

It can analyze molecular structures to pinpoint those most likely to provide effective treatment for specific diseases or conditions. 

During high-throughput screening, AI algorithms can predict the binding potential of compounds to target molecules, assisting in the selection of the most promising leads.

Beyond these steps, AI is also being implemented in molecular material design, drug screening optimization, and compound optimization, all contributing to significant reductions in both development time and associated costs.

3. Key Stages of AI Integration in Drug Discovery

The lead compound discovery and clinical trial phases are where AI is currently making the most substantial impact in new drug development.

• Accelerating Lead Compound Discovery: 

Traditionally, researchers identify a target disease and then manually filter through approximately 400-500 relevant research papers to identify potential lead compounds. 

This is a time-consuming process. In contrast, AI can simultaneously analyze over a million research papers and explore an almost infinite number of chemical compounds. 

This enables AI to accomplish in a single day what would typically take dozens of researchers several years.

• Transforming Clinical Trials: 

In the clinical trial phase, AI can analyze information on compound structures and their binding affinity to biological proteins to prioritize promising drug candidates.

Furthermore, by processing extensive electronic health records, AI can identify patient populations with a high correlation to the disease under investigation, facilitating more targeted recruitment for clinical trials. 

AI's ability to predict the interactions between genomic variations and drugs also significantly reduces trial-and-error in clinical experiment design and the development of personalized medicine.

By leveraging AI at these critical junctures, the pharmaceutical industry is poised to accelerate the development of innovative therapies and ultimately improve patient outcomes.

The "Big Cut": What a US Interest Rate Drop Means for You

Are you hearing whispers about a "Big Cut" in US interest rates? 

This isn't just financial jargon; it's a significant economic move with ripple effects felt across the globe. 

Let's break down what a major interest rate reduction by the US Federal Reserve truly signifies and what it could mean for your wallet, businesses, and even international economies.

The Power of a Rate Cut: Boosting the Economy

When interest rates are slashed, it's like opening the floodgates for money to flow more freely into the economy. This is often referred to as an increase in liquidity. Here's how it generally plays out:

Increased Spending: 

Lower borrowing costs encourage consumers to take out loans for big purchases like homes and cars, or even to spend more on everyday goods and services.

Business Investment Boom: 

Companies find it cheaper to borrow money for expansion, research and development, and new projects. This boost in investment can lead to job creation and innovation.

Economic Stimulation: 

Ultimately, the goal of a rate cut is to stimulate economic activity, moving towards a healthier, more robust economy.

The United States, as a global reserve currency issuer, has unique power in this regard. When they "print money" (metaphorically, through monetary policy), it's often a signal that policymakers believe the economy needs a significant boost to ward off potential downturns or to accelerate growth.

Navigating Inflation: A Necessary Trade-Off?

With more money circulating in the economy, there's a natural concern about inflation, where prices for goods and services rise. 

While some level of inflation can occur after a rate cut, central banks often view it as an acceptable trade-off for the potential economic benefits. 

The focus is on finding a balance where the economy grows without spiraling into uncontrolled price hikes.

Global Ripple Effects: What About Other Central Banks?

A "Big Cut" in the US doesn't happen in a vacuum. It inevitably raises questions about the monetary policies of other major economies. 

If the US Federal Reserve significantly lowers its rates (e.g., to 3.0% from a hypothetical higher rate), how might this influence:

South Korea's Central Bank (currently around 3.5%)?

The European Central Bank (ECB, currently around 3.25%)?

Central banks worldwide often react to the Fed's moves to maintain competitive interest rate differentials and manage their own economic conditions. It's a complex dance of global economics!

Beyond the Numbers: The Philosophy of Money and Prosperity

Money lending and interest are as old as civilization itself, sometimes viewed with suspicion (think Shakespeare's Shylock or medieval indulgences). 

However, in modern economies, responsible lending and borrowing are crucial for both businesses and households to thrive. 

The very concept of stocks in a modern corporation, for instance, is built on the idea of investing capital for a return.

Ancient texts, like Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian" in the "Biographies of the Money-Makers," highlighted the importance of commerce and wealth creation. 

It showcased individuals who successfully pursued profit based on mercantilist principles, suggesting that legitimate earnings are indeed desirable.

This brings us to a broader point: the traditional "scholar, farmer, artisan, merchant" hierarchy (사농공상) or the esteemed "scholar-official" culture (선비문화) might need a modern reinterpretation. 

A true "scholar" or leader today isn't just someone isolated in thought but one who understands and actively contributes to the practicalities of life and the economy. It's about being well-rounded, capable of both deep contemplation and effective action – managing a household, understanding the ebb and flow of the market, and contributing to the prosperity of society.

In a world yearning for peace and prosperity, free from the ravages of war, the "Big Cut" symbolizes a desire for economic harmony. 

We envision a future where the "Emperor's Touch" (제왕의 손길), often associated with military might, is instead a metaphor for policies that foster global well-being and stability. 

It's about creating a world where economic tools, rather than conflicts, pave the way for a brighter future.

What are your thoughts on a potential "Big Cut" and its impact on the global economy? Share your insights in the comments below!

🌾 Cultivating Change: How Agriculture Can Slash Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The fight against climate change is a global imperative, and every sector has a role to play. 

While often overlooked, agriculture stands as a significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 

In 2022, South Korea's national GHG emissions saw a 2.3% reduction from the previous year, totaling 724.29 million tons. The agricultural sector accounted for about 5% of this total.

But here's the good news: the farming industry, including livestock, holds immense potential for GHG reduction. 

While some initial investments might be required, embracing greener practices in agriculture isn't just about curbing emissions; it's about fostering long-term environmental health and achieving truly sustainable food systems. 

Let's explore the innovative ways farmers are stepping up to this global challenge.

1. Smart Nutrient Management: Fertilizing for a Greener Future

One of agriculture's primary sources of GHGs is nitrous oxide (N₂O), largely from synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. But there's a smarter way.

Precision Fertilization: Instead of blanket application, using precision agriculture techniques allows farmers to apply fertilizers exactly where and when they're needed. 

This minimizes waste and significantly reduces N₂O emissions.

Organic Alternatives: Shifting towards organic fertilizers or integrating more compost can enhance soil health naturally, reducing the reliance on synthetic inputs that contribute to GHG output.

2. Soil Power: Locking Away Carbon Below Ground

Healthy soil isn't just good for crops; it's a powerful carbon sink. Farmers can boost this natural ability.

Minimum Tillage (No-Till Farming): By disturbing the soil as little as possible, farmers can keep organic matter intact, preventing stored carbon from being released into the atmosphere. This also preserves soil structure and biodiversity.

Cover Cropping: Planting cover crops (like clover or rye) during off-seasons helps protect soil from erosion, suppress weeds, and, crucially, capture atmospheric carbon, enriching the soil with organic matter.

3. Water Wisely: Irrigating with Climate in Mind

Water management in agriculture directly impacts methane (CH₄) emissions, especially in rice cultivation.

Efficient Irrigation Systems: Moving away from traditional flood irrigation to more efficient methods like drip irrigation or alternate wetting and drying (AWD) in rice paddies can drastically reduce CH₄ emissions while conserving precious water resources. 

AWD involves intermittently drying the soil, which limits methane production.

4. Harnessing Nature's Energy: Powering Farms with Renewables

Just like homes and factories, farms can switch to clean energy sources.

Solar and Wind Power: Investing in solar panels or small wind turbines can power farm machinery, irrigation systems, and facility operations, significantly cutting down on fossil fuel consumption and their associated emissions. This transition not only lowers carbon footprints but can also reduce operational costs in the long run.

5. Waste to Wealth: Transforming Agricultural Residues

Agricultural waste, if not properly managed, can decompose anaerobically and release large amounts of methane.

Biogas Production: A fantastic solution is converting farm waste (manure, crop residues) into biogas through anaerobic digestion. This process captures methane, preventing its release into the atmosphere, and produces clean energy that can be used on the farm or sold. It's a win-win for waste management and renewable energy generation!

6. Sustainable Land Use: More Than Just Farming

The way land is used in agriculture can also be optimized for carbon sequestration.

Agroforestry: Integrating trees into farming landscapes (agroforestry) can boost biodiversity, improve soil health, and capture significant amounts of carbon.

Reforestation & Afforestation: For non-productive or underutilized agricultural lands, reforestation (replanting forests) or afforestation (creating new forests) can turn former farmlands into powerful carbon sinks.

Improved Grazing Management: For livestock, implementing rotational grazing and other sustainable pasture management techniques can enhance soil carbon sequestration and improve animal health, indirectly reducing overall emissions.

The journey towards net-zero agriculture is complex, but the path is clear. By adopting these innovative and sustainable practices, the agricultural sector can not only reduce its environmental footprint but also become a crucial part of the global climate solution.

 Farmers are not just food producers; they are stewards of our land and key players in securing a sustainable future for all.

What practices do you think are most effective for greening our farms? Share your thoughts in the comments!

Rule of Law vs. Benevolent Rule: Which Society Do You Envision?

Ever since humans began forming societies, the issues of power and governance have always been hot topics. 

From powerful minorities ruling the majority to democratic systems where everyone participates, various philosophies of governance have emerged. 

Recently, in our own society, the debate about 'governance by people' versus 'governance by system' has been rekindled, especially concerning personnel appointments. 

Which style of governance truly serves the people? 

Today, let's explore the fascinating history of the Rule of Law and Benevolent Rule, which has spanned East and West for centuries, to contemplate the true essence of governance.

1. 'My People' and 'My Organization': 

Why the Controversy?

Recent high-level government appointments have drawn criticism, labeled as 'stacking with one's own people' and 'over-representation of specific groups.' 

A leader representing the nation should ideally possess a universal perspective that embraces all citizens. 

However, appointments sometimes reflect a narrow background or ideology, leading to social conflict.

Particularly when someone whose life's work has been "punishing wrongdoers" becomes the head of state, there's concern that the inherent insularity of their former organization, and a strong emphasis on "my things, my people, my organization," might intensify. 

This raises a cautionary flag that 'Rule of Law,' which emphasizes laws and principles, could inadvertently morph into 'Hegemonic Rule' (패도정치). 

Is legalism truly a cure-all?

2. The Shadow of Legalism: 

The Tragic Lesson of Shang Yang in Qin Dynasty

A prime historical example of the consequences of rigid legalism is Shang Yang, the prime minister of Duke Xiao of Qin. 

His notoriously strict enforcement of laws was said to have eliminated theft, with even lost money on the ground remaining untouched. 

He implemented legalism to an extreme.

Yet, ironically, Shang Yang himself met a tragic end under the very laws and order he created. 

This starkly illustrates the inherent flaws that emerge when 'law' becomes 'power,' disregarding human morality, customs, and sentiments. 

Han Fei's philosophy also championed strong legalism, but ultimately, it revealed its limitations and had to be reined in with the passage of time.

This delivers a crucial message: no matter how fair and strict the Rule of Law may be, it must not overlook human nature and the complexities of society. 

While law should be a tool for justice, it can, at times, become a form of oppression itself.

3. Eastern Philosophy on 'True Governance': 

The Beauty of Reform and Restoration

Ancient Eastern wisdom, too, did not solely focus on 'law' and 'punishment.' 

The I Ching (Book of Changes) mentions hexagrams dealing with crime and punishment (21 Fire Thunder Sudden Striking, 22 Mountain Fire Adornment, 55 Thunder Fire Abundance, 56 Fire Mountain Traveler). 

However, it places a greater emphasis on 'moral transformation' (敎化) rather than mere punitive measures. 

The commentary on Hexagram 61 Wind Lake Inner Truth (澤上有風, 中孚. 君子以議獄緩死), states: "The superior person discusses legal cases and defers capital punishment." 

This underscores the need for a humane approach even when dealing with offenders.

This exemplifies the ideal of 'Benevolent Rule' (王道政治), which goes beyond simply enforcing laws to help those who have erred return to the right path. 

Hexagram 24 Earth Thunder Returning, first line (初九, 不遠復, 无祗悔, 元吉: Not far to return; there will be no cause for regret. 

Great good fortune) conveys a hopeful message: while anyone can make mistakes, great fortune awaits those who realize their errors and strive to quickly return to the correct path.

Ultimately, as the old saying goes, "Personnel is everything." Governing a nation isn't solely achievable through law. 

It requires establishing a rational 'system' rooted in moral principles and tailored to the current era. 

Within this system, 'people' must be guided to move in the right direction. This, indeed, is the true essence of governance.

Which form of governance do you believe leads to a better society? 

Is the strictness of law more important, or should human morality and moral transformation be prioritized? 

Share your thoughts in the comments below!

The Honest Person Creates an Honest World: The Wisdom of Reading People

 

We interact with countless people every day. Even though remote communication has become more common since the COVID-19 pandemic, we still encounter others in various ways and are subtly influenced by them.

Moments When Our True Nature Is Revealed

Unless they're acting, people inherently possess unique impressions and behaviors. These personal traits often reveal themselves unconsciously. So-called 'readers of people,' like fortune tellers or face readers, pay close attention to these subtle details, using them as crucial criteria to judge others.

If professions like teachers, lawyers, and business consultants make a living through words, then perhaps fortune tellers are prime examples of those who profit by observing people. Even street tarot card readers can gauge a lot about a customer from their facial expressions and body language as they enter their shop, and those with a keen eye can easily turn this into profit.

The Gap Between Mystical Beliefs and Reality

Recently, news that a presidential candidate sought out a specific person to predict their future garnered significant public attention. In the past, there were also persistent rumors about moving ancestral graves to become president. The fact that such mystical beliefs still hold sway, even in an era of advanced technologies like AI, the metaverse, and NFTs, suggests how desperately people desire certain outcomes.

However, instead of relying on such blind faith, wouldn't it be more beneficial to focus on self-cultivation through traditional means of "improving fortune" (개운, gaeun) like charity (보시, bosi), volunteering (봉사, bongsa), and self-discipline (수양, suyang)? I believe that accumulating 'hidden virtues' (음덕, eumdeok), unknown to others, truly brings good fortune.

The "Respect Heaven and Love the People" Spirit for Leaders

While human desire for wealth and power seems endless, it's often said that the opportunity to reach the highest positions is not something one creates but rather something bestowed by heaven. Therefore, a leader must possess the philosophy of 'Respect Heaven' (경천, gyeongcheon), fearing and revering the heavens. Simultaneously, they must also embody the philosophy of 'Love the People' (애민, aemin). It's indeed questionable whether many of today's political candidates truly hold these "Respect Heaven and Love the People" ideals.

When one's thoughts are lacking, their speech and actions naturally become awkward. A person driven by the arrogant belief of "it must be me" will inevitably try to evade difficult situations when faced with them, leading to unnatural behavior. In such circumstances, it is inappropriate to casually discuss the will of heaven regarding election results.

The "Zero Calorie" Trap: Unveiling the Hidden Truth About Artificial Sweeteners and Obesity

In today's health-conscious world, the allure of "zero calorie" options, especially beverages like diet sodas that use artificial sweeteners instead of sugar, is incredibly strong. 

They seem to offer a guilt-free way to enjoy sweetness. 

But do artificial sweeteners truly have no impact on our health and weight? 

This article delves deep into the potential effects of artificial sweeteners, particularly aspartame, on obesity and various health conditions.

The Sweet Seduction: 

Artificial Sweeteners, 200 Times Sweeter Than Sugar

Diet sodas, a common example, contain artificial sweeteners like aspartame instead of sugar. 

Aspartame provides an intense sweetness, about 200 times stronger than sugar, with virtually no calories, making it a preferred choice for diabetics and those on weight-loss journeys. 

The anecdote of President Donald Trump having a "diet coke button" in the Oval Office, for instance, highlights the widespread popularity of zero-calorie beverages.

According to the Coca-Cola Company's official statements, Diet Coke contains carbonated water, caramel color, aspartame, phosphoric acid, potassium benzoate, natural flavors, citric acid, and caffeine. 

Despite this blend of ingredients, the refreshing taste and the "zero calorie" assurance lead many to embrace zero-calorie drinks.

Why "Zero" Might Not Be Zero: 

The Link to Obesity and Health Issues

However, do artificial sweeteners truly deliver only "zero" effects? Recent research suggests that artificial sweeteners aren't necessarily harmless just because they lack calories. 

In fact, some studies indicate a potential link to various health problems, including obesity, diabetes, and cerebrovascular diseases.

1. The Paradox of Sweetness: Potential for Weight Gain

While artificial sweeteners contain no calories, our bodies and brains still register the sweet taste. This can lead to:

Brain Confusion: 

When the brain perceives sweetness but no actual calorie intake occurs, the body might continue to crave "sugar." 

This could paradoxically lead to increased consumption of sweet foods or heightened appetite, potentially contributing to obesity.

Gut Microbiome Imbalance: Some research suggests that artificial sweeteners like aspartame can negatively impact the gut microbiome. 

An imbalanced gut microbiome can trigger inflammatory responses, which in turn may adversely affect metabolism and weight management.

2. Cancer Controversy: 

Aspartame as a Group 2B Possible Carcinogen

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an arm of the World Health Organization (WHO), has classified aspartame as a Group 2B possible carcinogen. This classification means there is limited evidence that it could cause cancer in humans.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Carcinogen Classification

Group	Description	Examples
Group 1	Carcinogenic to humans (sufficient evidence)	Tobacco, asbestos, alcohol, sunlight (UV radiation), processed meat
Group 2A	Probably carcinogenic to humans (strong evidence)	Red meat, very hot beverages (above 65℃)
Group 2B	Possibly carcinogenic to humans (limited evidence)	Aspartame, pickled vegetables, some pesticides, exhaust fumes
Group 3	Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans	Caffeine, some plastic container components

While this classification doesn't mean aspartame consumption directly causes cancer, it highlights the need to be aware of potential risks and adjust consumption accordingly.

3. Threat to Brain Health: 

Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebrovascular Disorders

Studies also suggest that beverages containing artificial sweeteners, alcohol, and even sports drinks could increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.

Gut-Brain Axis Impact: Aspartame is believed to be toxic to gut bacteria, potentially leading to gut inflammation, which could then adversely affect blood supply to the brain.

Blood Sugar Spikes and Insulin Resistance: High-sugar sports drinks can cause rapid spikes in blood sugar and insulin levels, leading to insulin resistance, which in turn may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Smart Consumption Guide: Breaking Free from the "Zero" Illusion

So, how should we approach artificial sweeteners? While experts suggest that consuming around two cans (500ml) of diet cola per day might not pose significant problems, this is merely a guideline for "moderate" intake.

The best approach is to reduce reliance on artificial sweeteners and embrace the natural sweetness of whole foods. Prioritize a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and make sure to drink plenty of water.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: How Are They Calculated and From Where Do They Originate?

The main culprit raising Earth's temperature: greenhouse gases! 

To effectively reduce them, we need to know exactly where and how much of these gases are being emitted. 

International efforts like the Paris Agreement, which you might be familiar with, begin precisely with this emission calculation.

In this blog post, we'll tell you everything you need to know about "Greenhouse Gas Emissions: How They're Measured and Their Sources." What standards and methods lie behind the good news that South Korea's greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 2.3% in 2022 compared to the previous year? Let's find out together!

1. Why Do We Need to Calculate Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

Calculating greenhouse gas emissions is the first step in combating climate change. 

Just as we get regular check-ups to understand our body's health, we need to accurately grasp the status of greenhouse gas emissions for the Earth's well-being. 

This data forms the basis for national policy-making, sets standards for corporate carbon reduction efforts, and ultimately provides the foundation for international cooperation to prevent global warming.

All parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change are required to submit their national greenhouse gas emission statistics to the UN, applying the new international standard: the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines). 

This is not just about reporting; it's a crucial process that encourages countries to take responsible climate action.

2. Where Do Greenhouse Gases Come From? (Industries Included in Calculation)

Greenhouse gases are generated in various industrial sectors closely linked to our daily lives. Let's look at the main sources of emissions by category.

Energy Sector: 

The Lifeblood of Industry, Fuel Consumption

Stationary Combustion:

Emissions occur when solid fuels, natural gas, or liquid fuels are burned in power plants, factories, and other facilities to produce energy. 

The electricity and heat we use originate here.

Mobile Combustion: 

Greenhouse gases are released when fuel is burned in all modes of transport, including cars, airplanes, ships, and trains. Emissions occur every time we move.

Petroleum Refining: 

Even in the process of refining crude oil into gasoline, diesel, and other products, greenhouse gases are emitted from various processes such as hydrogen production, catalyst regeneration, and coke manufacturing.

Industrial Processes & Product Use: 

Emissions within Production

Mineral Industry: 

Greenhouse gases are emitted from chemical reactions during the production of cement, lime, and glass, or from the use of carbonates. 

The cement industry, in particular, is a major source of carbon dioxide.

Chemical Industry: 

Greenhouse gases are generated during the production of various chemical products such as ammonia, nitric acid, and adipic acid. 

Certain substances like fluorinated compounds have very high global warming potentials.

Metal Industry: 

In the smelting and production of metals like iron, ferroalloys, zinc, lead, and magnesium, significant energy is consumed, and specific reactions lead to greenhouse gas emissions.

Electronics Industry: 

Certain gases (e.g., fluorinated compounds) used in the production of semiconductors, LCDs, and PV (photovoltaics), as well as heat transfer fluids, act as sources of greenhouse gas emissions.

Other Sources: 

Not to Be Overlooked

Waste Treatment: 

Greenhouse gases are emitted from waste treatment processes, such as methane gas (CH4) from solid waste landfills and carbon dioxide from waste incineration. 

Wastewater treatment also significantly contributes to methane and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions.

Fugitive Emissions: 

These refer to gases, such as methane, that are unintentionally released into the atmosphere during the production and transport of coal, oil, and natural gas.

ODS Substitutes: 

Some substances used to replace ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in the past (e.g., HFCs) are powerful greenhouse gases.

External Electricity and Heat Use: 

Even if fuels are not burned directly, the use of externally supplied electricity or heat includes the greenhouse gas emissions generated from their energy source.

Other: 

Various activities, including the shipbuilding industry, fuel cells, and emissions related to carbon capture and storage (CCUS), can also be included in greenhouse gas calculations.

Unique Types of Noodles in Korea(Kottungchigi Noodles and Olgaengi Noodles)

Gangwon-do has a variety of characteristics, such as poor land, mountains, and low temperatures, so its crops and food are slightly different from those of other regions.

In particular, the Yeongseo region, located west of the Taebaek Mountains and centered around the coastal villages of the Gwandong region, has been planting and harvesting corn, potatoes, and buckwheat.

This time, we will learn about the meaning of Kottungchigi Noodles and Olgaengi Noodles from Jeongseon Traditional Market, famous for Auraji and Arirang.

 <Olgaengi Noodles>

<Kotdeungchigi Noodles>

    

As seen in Kim Yu-jeong's novel When Buckwheat Flowers Bloom, buckwheat noodles are famous in Bongpyeong, Pyeongchang. 

This is probably because they grow well even in poor land and are a food that makes you feel full due to their high starch content. Potatoes are also like that.

Sweet potatoes, a relief crop, are said to have been brought by Joseon Dynasty envoy Jo Eom when he went to Japan, but potatoes are said to have been brought about 60 years later, and are not well known.

Jeongseon is located in the center of Gangwon-do, so it is not easy to access. 

You can go there from Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do via Yeongwol, or get off at Pyeongchang on the Yeongdong Expressway.

When you go to Jeongseon Oil Market (Arirang Market), you must eat the food with the affectionate name of Kotdeungchigi noodles.

These noodles are made of buckwheat, and they are chewy and elastic enough to hit the bridge of your nose when you suck on them once, so they are called Kotdeungchigi noodles because they are made of buckwheat, so they break easily compared to wheat flour or glutinous rice flour.

Makguksu, which is served with Chuncheon Dakgalbi, is also made with this buckwheat, and the broth is made by dissolving soybean paste and boiling anchovies, and boiling buckwheat noodles ground with the inner skin, and using pumpkin sprouts as a topping.

 It is amazing that the noodles are chewy despite the strong buckwheat flavor and high buckwheat content.

In contrast, tadpole noodles or olgaengi noodles are made with corn starch.

General noodles go through a process of mixing and kneading, then putting them in a mold and forming them, but these olgaengi noodles also have little starch, so they do not stick together and cannot be stretched out long.

The method of making them is to grind dried corn on a millstone, then strain the husks through a strainer, and boil the bean paste in a pot while stirring it like starch. When it becomes thick, it is poured into a bowl with many holes and the noodles are made by catching them in cold water.

The main ingredients of noodles are water, salt, and wheat flour, and vegetables such as spinach or pumpkin are added to give it color, but these three are the main ingredients.

However, the taste is slightly different depending on the production area, and I think it ultimately depends on the taste of the water used as the mixing water, the effect of the dough used to express the density, and the drying method.

The noodles are not long like other noodles, but short and blunt like tadpoles, so it is named after them. It is eaten a lot in mountainous areas of Gangwon-do and Chungcheongbuk-do, and depending on the viscosity, it is somewhere between noodles and sujebi.

This food, which can be gently slurped with a spoon instead of chopsticks in anchovy broth, is even more appetizing because it has fresh kimchi and seaweed, and this food, which has a smooth savory taste and a savory flavor, is also great as a summer special.

https://chadol51.blogspot.com/2025/02/noodles-that-appear-at-banquets.html