Experts in creating innovation: Green Gas

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The Power Pyramid: Understanding Battery Cell, Module, Pack, and ESS Structures

Introduction: The Hidden Architecture of Modern Energy

The battery we rely on daily, from our smartphones to electric vehicles (EVs), is not a single component. It's a complex, layered system, much like building a structure with individual bricks. This architecture is defined by three fundamental stages: Cell → Module → Pack. Understanding this hierarchy is key to grasping the future of electric mobility and grid stability.

1. The Foundation: Battery Cell - The 'Energy Brick' 🧱

The Cell is the most basic unit that stores and releases electrical energy. Think of it as the fundamental 'energy brick' of the entire system.

Diverse Shapes: Cells come in three primary formats: Cylindrical (shaped like standard AA batteries), Pouch-type (thin and flexible, like a small packet), and Prismatic (rigid and rectangular, often resembling a small metal box).
Limited Power: A single cell does not typically generate enough power to run a car or a sophisticated device.
Safety Priority: Cells are highly sensitive to external shocks and temperature fluctuations. To ensure safety and maximize performance, they must be contained and protected in the next stage.

2. The Protective Layer: Module - The 'Structural Support' 🛡️

A Module serves as an intermediate structure that bundles multiple cells together. Its main role is to enhance safety and efficiency.

Connecting Cells: Manufacturers connect dozens of cells in a series or parallel arrangement inside the module to achieve the required voltage and capacity.
Physical Strength: The module provides a tough casing that secures the cells, protecting them from physical impacts and vibrations.
Thermal and Safety Management: Each module often contains initial thermal management components and simple protection circuits. These components help regulate heat and monitor the basic health of the enclosed cells, improving the battery’s overall stability.

3. The Completed System: Battery Pack - The 'Energy House' ⚡

The Pack is the final, ready-to-use battery system. It's what actually gets installed into an electric vehicle or an Energy Storage System (ESS). It integrates all the modules into a functional whole.

Integrated Components: A pack combines multiple modules and adds crucial elements:
- Battery Management System (BMS): This is the core intelligence or 'brain' of the entire battery system. The BMS constantly monitors key parameters (charge level, voltage, temperature, current) in real-time to ensure safety and optimize performance.
- Cooling System: Complex liquid or air cooling systems regulate the pack's temperature to prevent overheating, which is vital for longevity and safety.
- External Casing and Connectors: A robust external case provides the highest level of protection, and power connectors facilitate the connection to the vehicle or grid.

The pack's structure ensures the battery is durable, safe, and operates at its peak potential under diverse conditions.

The Next Level: From Pack to ESS 💡

The evolution doesn't stop at the pack. Multiple battery packs, often large-scale versions, form an Energy Storage System (ESS).

ESS Defined: An ESS is a system that captures energy from the grid or a renewable source (like solar or wind) and stores it for later use.
Grid Stability: ESS units are critical for stabilizing the modern power grid. They store excess renewable energy when generation is high and release it when demand spikes, solving the intermittency problem of sustainable energy.
Commercial and Industrial Applications: Businesses use ESS to manage peak electricity demand, reducing their energy costs and ensuring backup power.

The Future of Power: Beyond the Battery Itself 🚀

The battery industry is moving beyond simply manufacturing cells, modules, and packs. It is the crucial link connecting eco-friendly energy with smart industries.

Leading companies are focusing their efforts on integrated solutions:

Advanced BMS: Developing smarter, AI-driven BMS technology is essential for predicting battery degradation and extending lifespan.
Battery as a Service (BaaS): This innovative business model separates the battery from the vehicle or device, allowing for easier recycling, repurposing, and replacement.

Second Life Applications: Finding new uses for used EV battery packs (repurposing them as ESS units) creates a circular economy and maximizes resource value.

The battery sector is a dynamic field where electrochemistry, engineering, software, and financial models converge to power the clean energy transition.

Navigating the Korean ETS: The Critical Role of the Emission Calculation Plan

Carbon Neutrality: Korea's Key Economic Driver

In the face of the massive global challenge of climate change, achieving carbon neutrality is no longer optional—it is a mandatory path for nations and businesses. South Korea's Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS) plays a pivotal role in this transition. At the heart of this system lies a foundational document: the Emission Calculation Plan (ECP). We will explore, through the lens of a climate expert, how the ECP serves as the crucial first step to boosting the efficiency and credibility of the entire ETS.

🔍 ECP: The Blueprint for Accurate Carbon Accounting

The Emissions Trading Scheme is a market-based mechanism. It allows companies to emit greenhouse gases (GHG) only within their allocated allowances. They can then trade any excess or deficit allowances. This system requires precise quantification of emissions to function properly. Accurate data ensures a fair allocation of emission permits and guarantees transparent trading.

The ECP is the first step toward achieving this precise measurement. A company must submit this detailed plan to the government. It outlines exactly how the company will measure and calculate the GHG emissions from its entire facility or business operation. Think of the ECP as a company’s sworn blueprint for carbon reporting.

🛡️ Rigorous Verification: Ensuring Trust in the Data

Once submitted, the ECP does not just get a rubber stamp. The government subjects the Emission Calculation Plan to a thorough review to ensure its validity and accuracy. This strict verification process is essential for maintaining the integrity of the K-ETS.

How the Validation Works:

Establishing Consistent Criteria: The government first analyzes industry-specific characteristics. It then establishes unified validation standards. This ensures the fairness and operational efficiency of the entire ETS.
Pre- and Post-Approval Assessments: Companies can request a preliminary validity review before the official submission or when they need to make significant changes. This proactive step helps prevent errors early on and improves the plan’s overall quality.
Systematic Data Management: Regulators systematically input and manage the review results within a centralized database. This verified data forms the critical foundation for all future emission reporting and certification processes.

This rigorous process is how authorities ensure that companies report accurate emissions. This commitment to verification significantly strengthens the overall reliability of the national ETS.

💡 Beyond Review: Analysis and System Improvement

The review of the ECP is much more than a simple compliance check. The government conducts an in-depth analysis of the review outcomes. It identifies key trends in reporting and catalogs frequently occurring errors.

This detailed analysis allows the government to proactively suggest improvements. These recommendations help minimize potential reporting errors. They guide companies to develop more robust and accurate plans for the next cycle. This iterative process drives the evolution of emission calculation methodologies. It directly enhances the operational efficiency of the K-ETS. Similar to how a skilled doctor uses diagnostic results to tailor a treatment plan, the government uses meticulous data analysis to ensure the long-term health and growth of the ETS system.

🤝 Government Support: Guiding Participants to Compliance

The government actively assists companies that are subject to the K-ETS. It ensures they face no undue difficulty in preparing their ECPs and emission statements. A prime example of this support is the organization of "Suitability Assessment Workshops."

These workshops provide detailed guidance on key topics. They cover ECP preparation methods, crucial review points, and common error examples. This effort raises the understanding of company representatives. It smooths their participation in the scheme. The government essentially acts as a GPS system. It guides companies through the complex journey of ETS compliance, making the path clear and manageable.

🎯 Success Starts with Data: The Foundation of Korea's Carbon Future

The K-ETS stands as a core policy instrument driving South Korea toward a carbon-neutral society. The scheme's success fundamentally depends on the availability of accurate and trustworthy emissions data. The Emission Calculation Plan marks the essential first step in securing this crucial data. Continued close collaboration between the government and participating companies is absolutely vital. This joint effort will cement the importance of the ECP and ensure the effective implementation of the country's climate goals.

ESG Reporting Trends for 2026: Moving from 'Action Plans' to 'Verified Impact'

The landscape of corporate transparency is rapidly shifting. While 2025 was marked by companies focusing on setting ambitious ESG targets and detailing action plans, 2026 is poised to usher in a new era: one of substantive impact, performance verification, and granular disclosure.

This is not just about writing a report; it’s about proving your sustainability claims to investors and stakeholders. Here are the five critical trends that will define the 2026 ESG reporting cycle.

1. The Verification Imperative: Proof Over Promises 🎯

The days of making unverifiable claims are over. In 2026, the focus will decisively shift from simply stating goals to providing external validation of performance.

Third-Party Assurance Becomes Non-Negotiable: As the number of SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative) validated companies grows, investors will increasingly demand third-party assurance for all reported greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. This external audit adds a critical layer of credibility and will move from a 'nice-to-have' to a mandatory element of high-quality ESG reports.
The Power of ESG Ratings: The influence of major ESG rating agencies (like MSCI, CDP, Sustainalytics) will continue to expand. A report’s reliability, backed by verified data, will directly impact a company’s score, subsequently affecting capital accessibility and investor trust.

2. The Global Convergence: ISSB Standards Take Center Stage 🌐

The confusion caused by the 'Alphabet Soup' of reporting standards (GRI, SASB, TCFD, ESRS, etc.) is giving way to a more unified system. The IFRS S1 (General Sustainability Disclosure) and S2 (Climate-related Disclosures) standards, issued by the ISSB (International Sustainability Standards Board), are set to become the dominant global baseline in 2026.

Mandatory Disclosure Expansion: Expect regulatory bodies worldwide, including key markets, to accelerate the adoption or alignment with ISSB standards. This will push sustainability disclosure to the same level of importance and rigor as financial reporting.
Digital-First Reporting: To manage the complexity of global standards, companies will invest heavily in digital reporting tools. Standardized digital tagging and machine-readable formats will improve the accessibility and utility of ESG data for analysts and regulators, making reports easier to consume and compare.

3. Deep Dive into the Value Chain: The Scope 3 & Supply Chain Reckoning 🔗

Reporting on Scope 3 emissions (indirect emissions from a company’s value chain) will transition from a nascent effort to a comprehensive management strategy.

Supply Chain ESG Risk Management: Manufacturers, retailers, and high-emission industries will be required to demonstrate robust systems for supplier ESG assessment and engagement. Reports will feature detailed metrics on how companies are helping suppliers transition to low-carbon operations.
Tech for Traceability: The integration of technologies like blockchain for material traceability and AI-driven risk mapping will be highlighted in 2026 reports. This allows for real-time tracking of environmental and social risks across the entire supply chain, offering unprecedented transparency and assurance.

4. The Rise of Nature: From Carbon-Centric to Ecosystem Focus 🌳

The focus of ESG reporting will broaden significantly beyond carbon. Nature-related risks and opportunities will emerge as a critical new axis, driven by the rollout of the TNFD (Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures) framework.

Natural Capital and Biodiversity: Companies in sectors with direct dependency on natural resources (e.g., agriculture, mining, chemicals, tourism) will have to provide detailed impact assessments and restoration strategies. This includes disclosures on water consumption, deforestation impacts, and investments in ecological restoration.
Adopting SBTN: Following the lead of the SBTi for climate, the SBTN (Science Based Targets Network) methodology will be utilized to set and report on scientific goals for nature (freshwater, land, biodiversity). This signifies a crucial paradigm shift from merely minimizing harm to actively contributing to nature's recovery.

5. Hyper-Relevant Reporting: Tailoring Disclosure by Industry 🔬

The 'one-size-fits-all' report is becoming obsolete. 2026 will see the proliferation of industry-specific and thematic ESG reports that better reflect a company’s unique material risks and competitive strategy.

Specialized Deep Dives: Instead of just a general report, companies will release targeted publications:

Financial Institutions: Focus on Just Transition Finance and the alignment of lending portfolios with net-zero pathways.
Fashion/Apparel: Detailed Sustainable Material Reports and circular economy progress reports.
Tech/Data Centers: Decarbonized Infrastructure Reports highlighting advancements in AI-driven energy efficiency and water stewardship.

Competitive Differentiation: By connecting their core business strategy directly to specialized ESG metrics, companies can demonstrate authentic leadership and market relevance, effectively using the report as a powerful investor and customer engagement tool rather than just a compliance document.

The True Face of the Climate Crisis Revealed by Global Warming Potential (GWP)

Hello Climate Activists and Global Citizens!

The air is getting warmer, and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. But what's truly behind these changes? It's not just carbon dioxide. To truly grasp the climate crisis, we need to understand a crucial concept: Global Warming Potential (GWP).

Let's dive into the science behind our planet's biggest challenge and explore the powerful solutions we have.

What Is Global Warming Potential (GWP)?

GWP is a metric that allows us to compare the warming impact of different greenhouse gases. It’s like a standardized scorecard, where carbon dioxide ( $C O_{2}$ ) is the baseline with a GWP of 1. Every other gas is then measured against it.

For example, a molecule of methane ( $C H_{4}$ ) is far more potent than a molecule of $C O_{2}$ in trapping heat. Over a 100-year period, methane's GWP is around 28-36, meaning it has 28 to 36 times the warming effect of $C O_{2}$ . This makes GWP an essential tool for policymakers to prioritize which gases to cut first and set clear, comparable goals in international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol.

The Ultimate Goal: Net-Zero Emissions

The ultimate solution to the climate crisis is achieving net-zero emissions, also commonly known as carbon neutrality. This means balancing the greenhouse gases we emit with the gases we remove from the atmosphere. The goal is to reduce our total emissions to zero, or as close as possible, by actively removing any remaining emissions. This is the global benchmark for tackling climate change.

The Strategy for a Net-Zero World

Achieving this ambitious goal requires a multi-pronged approach:

Energy Transition: Shifting from fossil fuels like coal and oil to renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. This is the single most critical step in decarbonization.
Energy Efficiency: Using less energy to get the same results. This applies to everything from smart grids in cities to efficient appliances in our homes.
Carbon Sequestration: Enhancing the planet's natural ability to absorb carbon. This includes protecting and restoring forests, wetlands, and coastal ecosystems, often referred to as "Blue Carbon."
Technological Innovation: Developing and scaling up technologies like Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS), which capture $C O_{2}$ from industrial sources and either store it underground or repurpose it.

Beyond the Obvious: Tipping Points and the Real Threat

GWP helps us understand the true urgency of the crisis. It’s not just a gradual rise in temperature; it's about pushing the Earth's systems past a tipping point. A tipping point is an irreversible threshold where a small change can lead to a runaway effect, accelerating climate change beyond our control.

Think of it like pushing a boulder up a hill. We can stop it at any point, but once it rolls over the peak, it will rush down the other side with unstoppable force.

Here are two terrifying examples of potential tipping points:

Permafrost Thaw: As the Arctic permafrost melts, it releases vast amounts of methane ( $C H_{4}$ ) that have been frozen for thousands of years. Since methane is a much more potent greenhouse gas than $C O_{2}$ over a short period (20-year GWP can be over 80), this creates a powerful feedback loop, accelerating global warming.
Greenland Ice Sheet Collapse: The rapid melting of the Greenland ice sheet could drastically raise sea levels and disrupt global ocean currents, fundamentally altering weather patterns worldwide.

Understanding GWP is the first step to truly grasping the scale of these threats. It's a wake-up call that every molecule matters and that some molecules matter far more than others. By focusing on both potent gases and long-term $C O_{2}$ reductions, we can create a safer, more sustainable future.

Understanding Global Warming Potential (GWP): More Than Just Carbon

When we talk about the climate crisis, our focus often lands on carbon dioxide ( $C O_{2}$ ). But the full story is more complex. Behind the scenes, scientists use a powerful metric called Global Warming Potential (GWP) to measure the true impact of all greenhouse gases. Understanding GWP is key to effective climate action.

What is GWP and How Is It Measured?

Simply put, GWP is a conversion factor. It tells us how much a specific greenhouse gas contributes to global warming relative to carbon dioxide ( $C O_{2}$ ), which has a GWP of 1. The higher the GWP, the more heat that gas traps in the atmosphere over a given period.

This index allows scientists and policymakers to compare different gases and create a standardized way to measure a country's total greenhouse gas emissions. It's why a small amount of a gas like sulfur hexafluoride ( $S F_{6}$ ) is considered a massive climate threat.

Greenhouse Gas	GWP Value
Carbon Dioxide ( $C O_{2}$ )	1
Methane ( $C H_{4}$ )	21
Nitrous Oxide ( $N_{2} O$ )	310
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)	140 ~ 11,700
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)	6,500 ~ 9,200
Sulfur Hexafluoride ( $S F_{6}$ )	23,900

The GWP Link to the Climate Crisis

The shocking numbers above reveal why the climate crisis is escalating. A tiny leak of a gas like $S F_{6}$ can have the same warming effect as thousands of tons of $C O_{2}$ . The cumulative effect of these potent gases is what drives the severe weather events we're seeing today, from raging wildfires and extreme droughts to devastating floods. The rise in greenhouse gas emissions, measured by their GWP, is the root cause.

The Ultimate Goal: Net-Zero Emissions

The global solution is to achieve Net-Zero, or carbon neutrality. This means minimizing greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible, then balancing the remaining emissions with technologies that remove them from the atmosphere. It's the only viable path to limit global temperature rise and avoid the most catastrophic climate impacts.

Key strategies to reach this goal include:

Energy Transition: Shifting away from fossil fuels like coal and oil to renewable sources like solar and wind.
Energy Efficiency: Using less energy in homes, transportation, and industries through smarter technologies.
Carbon Sinks: Protecting and expanding natural carbon absorbers like forests and wetlands.
Advanced Technology: Developing and deploying cutting-edge solutions such as Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) to trap emissions from industrial sites.

Understanding GWP is the first step toward effective climate action. It helps us prioritize which gases to target for a more significant and immediate impact in the fight against a warming planet.

Fine Dust and Air Pollution: What You Should Know to Stay Safe

Every year, spring in Korea brings yellow dust from China, turning the skies hazy and triggering health alerts. But in recent years, fine dust has become a year-round issue, with warnings now common even in winter. This growing concern has led to a surge in air purifier sales and increased public awareness about air quality.

So, what exactly is fine dust?

Fine dust refers to tiny airborne particles that can be harmful to human health. These particles are categorized by size:

PM10: Particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in diameter
PM2.5: Ultrafine particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter

PM2.5 is especially dangerous because it’s small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream. Long-term exposure can lead to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and developmental issues in children.

Globally, air pollution is a major challenge. Cities like Delhi and Dhaka suffer from severe smog due to vehicle emissions. London’s infamous “London Fog” was actually toxic smog caused by coal burning. In Korea, diesel vehicles are now required to use emission-reducing devices, and the government offers subsidies for scrapping older, high-emission cars.

While fine dust may not be the primary cause of climate change, it contributes to global warming by absorbing sunlight and altering cloud formation. It also affects agriculture, ecosystems, and visibility, making it a multifaceted environmental issue.

To help citizens stay informed, the Korea Meteorological Administration provides daily air quality updates, rating conditions from “Good” to “Very Bad.” You can check your local air quality at .

How to Protect Yourself:

Use certified air purifiers indoors, especially in bedrooms and living areas.
Wear KF94 or N95 masks when pollution levels are high.
Limit outdoor activities during fine dust alerts.
Keep windows closed and use ventilation systems with filters.
Wash hands and face after being outside to remove dust particles.

Fine dust is invisible, but its impact is very real. By staying informed and taking preventive measures, you can protect your health and contribute to a cleaner environment. Clean air isn’t just a luxury—it’s a necessity.

Eco-Labeling in Korea: A Guide to Green Choices

In a world increasingly focused on sustainability, eco-labels are more than just symbols—they are powerful tools for change. Korea's eco-labeling system, a key part of its environmental policy, empowers both consumers and businesses to contribute to a greener planet. Let's delve into its importance and how it helps shape a more sustainable future.

The Global Journey of Eco-Labels

The concept of an official eco-label originated in Germany in 1979 with the "Blue Angel" mark. Since then, it has been successfully adopted by over 40 countries, including the EU, Canada, the US, and Japan. Korea introduced its own Eco-Labeling System in April 1992, joining this global effort to promote the development and consumption of environmentally friendly products.

This system is not a passing trend but a strategic, worldwide effort to minimize environmental impact and use resources more efficiently. For businesses, the eco-label is a badge of honor, demonstrating their commitment to environmental management and enhancing their competitive edge. For consumers, it simplifies the process of making responsible purchasing decisions.

Why Is Korea's Eco-Label So Important?

The Korean Eco-Label, officially known as the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD), is a comprehensive mark that considers a product's entire lifecycle—from raw material extraction to disposal. This "cradle-to-grave" approach ensures that products genuinely minimize their environmental footprint.

Here’s why it matters:

Consumer Trust: In a market flooded with "green" claims, the Eco-Label provides a credible, government-backed verification. It builds consumer trust and allows for easy identification of truly eco-conscious products.
Driving Innovation: The strict standards required for certification encourage companies to invest in environmentally friendly technologies and sustainable practices, fostering innovation and a green economy.
Global Competitiveness: As environmental standards become more stringent globally, having a certified eco-label gives Korean products a competitive advantage in international markets. It signals a commitment to global environmental values.

Beyond the Eco-Label: Understanding Other Green Marks

Navigating the world of eco-friendly products can be confusing due to various certification marks. While the Korean Eco-Label (환경표지) focuses on a product's overall environmental impact, it's helpful to know about others:

Good Recycled (GR) Mark (우수재활용 인증마크): Certifies the quality and recyclability of products made from recycled resources.
Energy Efficiency Grade Mark (에너지소비효율등급): Indicates a product's energy consumption efficiency, helping consumers choose items that save electricity and money.
Carbon Footprint Label (탄소성적표지): Displays the greenhouse gas emissions of a product throughout its lifecycle, providing a quantifiable measure of its carbon impact.
Environmental Performance Label (환경성적표지): A more detailed version of the Carbon Footprint Label, this mark quantifies multiple environmental impacts (e.g., carbon, water usage, resource depletion).
Recycling Symbol (분리배출마크): A familiar mark that guides consumers on how to properly separate and dispose of waste.

Understanding these different marks empowers you to make smarter, more sustainable choices. The next time you shop in Korea, keep an eye out for these symbols to ensure your purchase aligns with a greener lifestyle.

Climate Crisis: No Longer a Distant Threat

This summer, we are witnessing unprecedented heatwaves that would have been unimaginable just a few years ago. From Korea to China, Europe, and the United States, news reports confirm record-breaking temperatures across the globe. While the wisdom of our elders tells us summers should be hot and winters cold, the scorching reality of recent summers transcends mere 'warmth' – it's a burning alarm, a stark warning of the severe climate change and environmental pollution we face.

Earth's Fever: The Alarming Warning Bells

Our planet's average temperature has already surged by over 1.1°C (approx. 2°F) above pre-industrial levels (1850-1900). In 2015, 195 nations signed the Paris Agreement, setting an ambitious goal to limit global temperature rise to within 1.5°C by 2050. However, many experts warn that this target is already becoming incredibly challenging to achieve, if not unattainable.

The consequences are dire. Over 14,000 species are currently threatened with extinction, leading to a drastic reduction in Earth's precious biodiversity. This poses a grave threat to the stability of our ecosystems, upon which all life depends. While a minority might dispute the link between climate change and greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, the overwhelming scientific consensus confirms that human-induced greenhouse gas emissions are amplifying the Earth's greenhouse effect. This drives rising ocean temperatures, intensifies extreme weather events like El Niño, and unequivocally correlates with increased CO2 concentrations.

The Era of Carbon Neutrality: Our Collective Challenge

South Korea, as a responsible member of the international community, emitted approximately 630 million tons of CO2 in 2018, with over 70% originating from the power and industrial sectors. To address this, Korea, like many nations, has set ambitious goals such as carbon neutrality by 2050 and embracing initiatives like RE100 (100% Renewable Energy).

However, the path forward is fraught with challenges. Nations often prioritize their citizens' livelihoods and economic growth, sometimes appearing hesitant to tackle the global issue of climate change head-on. Complex interests, including disputes over responsibility between developed and developing nations and the immense costs of emission reduction, hinder global cooperation. This mirrors the "Tragedy of the Commons," where individual pursuits of self-interest ultimately lead to collective detriment.

The Butterfly Effect: Small Actions, Big Impact

So, what can we do? Amidst the colossal scale of climate change, individual efforts may seem insignificant. Yet, even small changes can coalesce into a powerful wave. Simple daily practices like conserving energy, utilizing public transportation, diligent recycling, and opting for eco-friendly products are crucial. Corporations must embrace their social responsibility towards the environment, while governments should accelerate the transition to green industries through effective policies and robust technological support.

Technological advancements also offer a beacon of hope. Innovative solutions such as Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS), green hydrogen energy, and enhanced renewable energy efficiency are continuously developing. The widespread adoption and commercialization of these technologies could mark a pivotal turning point in our fight against climate change.

Climate change and environmental pollution are no longer distant threats; they are our present reality and a critical challenge to bequeath to future generations. If we fail to act, the 'record-breaking heat' of 2025 could become the new norm. Now is the time to embrace hope, unite our small efforts, and collectively strive for a sustainable future.

Cultivating Change: How Agriculture Can Slash Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The fight against climate change is a global imperative, and every sector has a role to play.

While often overlooked, agriculture stands as a significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

In 2022, South Korea's national GHG emissions saw a 2.3% reduction from the previous year, totaling 724.29 million tons. The agricultural sector accounted for about 5% of this total.

But here's the good news: the farming industry, including livestock, holds immense potential for GHG reduction.

While some initial investments might be required, embracing greener practices in agriculture isn't just about curbing emissions; it's about fostering long-term environmental health and achieving truly sustainable food systems.

Let's explore the innovative ways farmers are stepping up to this global challenge.

1. Smart Nutrient Management: Fertilizing for a Greener Future

One of agriculture's primary sources of GHGs is nitrous oxide (N₂O), largely from synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. But there's a smarter way.

Precision Fertilization: Instead of blanket application, using precision agriculture techniques allows farmers to apply fertilizers exactly where and when they're needed.

This minimizes waste and significantly reduces N₂O emissions.

Organic Alternatives: Shifting towards organic fertilizers or integrating more compost can enhance soil health naturally, reducing the reliance on synthetic inputs that contribute to GHG output.

2. Soil Power: Locking Away Carbon Below Ground

Healthy soil isn't just good for crops; it's a powerful carbon sink. Farmers can boost this natural ability.

Minimum Tillage (No-Till Farming): By disturbing the soil as little as possible, farmers can keep organic matter intact, preventing stored carbon from being released into the atmosphere. This also preserves soil structure and biodiversity.

Cover Cropping: Planting cover crops (like clover or rye) during off-seasons helps protect soil from erosion, suppress weeds, and, crucially, capture atmospheric carbon, enriching the soil with organic matter.

3. Water Wisely: Irrigating with Climate in Mind

Water management in agriculture directly impacts methane (CH₄) emissions, especially in rice cultivation.

Efficient Irrigation Systems: Moving away from traditional flood irrigation to more efficient methods like drip irrigation or alternate wetting and drying (AWD) in rice paddies can drastically reduce CH₄ emissions while conserving precious water resources.

AWD involves intermittently drying the soil, which limits methane production.

4. Harnessing Nature's Energy: Powering Farms with Renewables

Just like homes and factories, farms can switch to clean energy sources.

Solar and Wind Power: Investing in solar panels or small wind turbines can power farm machinery, irrigation systems, and facility operations, significantly cutting down on fossil fuel consumption and their associated emissions. This transition not only lowers carbon footprints but can also reduce operational costs in the long run.

5. Waste to Wealth: Transforming Agricultural Residues

Agricultural waste, if not properly managed, can decompose anaerobically and release large amounts of methane.

Biogas Production: A fantastic solution is converting farm waste (manure, crop residues) into biogas through anaerobic digestion. This process captures methane, preventing its release into the atmosphere, and produces clean energy that can be used on the farm or sold. It's a win-win for waste management and renewable energy generation!

6. Sustainable Land Use: More Than Just Farming

The way land is used in agriculture can also be optimized for carbon sequestration.

Agroforestry: Integrating trees into farming landscapes (agroforestry) can boost biodiversity, improve soil health, and capture significant amounts of carbon.

Reforestation & Afforestation: For non-productive or underutilized agricultural lands, reforestation (replanting forests) or afforestation (creating new forests) can turn former farmlands into powerful carbon sinks.

Improved Grazing Management: For livestock, implementing rotational grazing and other sustainable pasture management techniques can enhance soil carbon sequestration and improve animal health, indirectly reducing overall emissions.

The journey towards net-zero agriculture is complex, but the path is clear. By adopting these innovative and sustainable practices, the agricultural sector can not only reduce its environmental footprint but also become a crucial part of the global climate solution.

Farmers are not just food producers; they are stewards of our land and key players in securing a sustainable future for all.

What practices do you think are most effective for greening our farms? Share your thoughts in the comments!

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: How Are They Calculated and From Where Do They Originate?

The main culprit raising Earth's temperature: greenhouse gases!

To effectively reduce them, we need to know exactly where and how much of these gases are being emitted.

International efforts like the Paris Agreement, which you might be familiar with, begin precisely with this emission calculation.

In this blog post, we'll tell you everything you need to know about "Greenhouse Gas Emissions: How They're Measured and Their Sources." What standards and methods lie behind the good news that South Korea's greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 2.3% in 2022 compared to the previous year? Let's find out together!

1. Why Do We Need to Calculate Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

Calculating greenhouse gas emissions is the first step in combating climate change.

Just as we get regular check-ups to understand our body's health, we need to accurately grasp the status of greenhouse gas emissions for the Earth's well-being.

This data forms the basis for national policy-making, sets standards for corporate carbon reduction efforts, and ultimately provides the foundation for international cooperation to prevent global warming.

All parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change are required to submit their national greenhouse gas emission statistics to the UN, applying the new international standard: the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines).

This is not just about reporting; it's a crucial process that encourages countries to take responsible climate action.

2. Where Do Greenhouse Gases Come From? (Industries Included in Calculation)

Greenhouse gases are generated in various industrial sectors closely linked to our daily lives. Let's look at the main sources of emissions by category.

Energy Sector:

The Lifeblood of Industry, Fuel Consumption

Stationary Combustion:

Emissions occur when solid fuels, natural gas, or liquid fuels are burned in power plants, factories, and other facilities to produce energy.

The electricity and heat we use originate here.

Mobile Combustion:

Greenhouse gases are released when fuel is burned in all modes of transport, including cars, airplanes, ships, and trains. Emissions occur every time we move.

Petroleum Refining:

Even in the process of refining crude oil into gasoline, diesel, and other products, greenhouse gases are emitted from various processes such as hydrogen production, catalyst regeneration, and coke manufacturing.

Industrial Processes & Product Use:

Emissions within Production

Mineral Industry:

Greenhouse gases are emitted from chemical reactions during the production of cement, lime, and glass, or from the use of carbonates.

The cement industry, in particular, is a major source of carbon dioxide.

Chemical Industry:

Greenhouse gases are generated during the production of various chemical products such as ammonia, nitric acid, and adipic acid.

Certain substances like fluorinated compounds have very high global warming potentials.

Metal Industry:

In the smelting and production of metals like iron, ferroalloys, zinc, lead, and magnesium, significant energy is consumed, and specific reactions lead to greenhouse gas emissions.

Electronics Industry:

Certain gases (e.g., fluorinated compounds) used in the production of semiconductors, LCDs, and PV (photovoltaics), as well as heat transfer fluids, act as sources of greenhouse gas emissions.

Other Sources:

Not to Be Overlooked

Waste Treatment:

Greenhouse gases are emitted from waste treatment processes, such as methane gas (CH4) from solid waste landfills and carbon dioxide from waste incineration.

Wastewater treatment also significantly contributes to methane and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions.

Fugitive Emissions:

These refer to gases, such as methane, that are unintentionally released into the atmosphere during the production and transport of coal, oil, and natural gas.

ODS Substitutes:

Some substances used to replace ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in the past (e.g., HFCs) are powerful greenhouse gases.

External Electricity and Heat Use:

Even if fuels are not burned directly, the use of externally supplied electricity or heat includes the greenhouse gas emissions generated from their energy source.

Other:

Various activities, including the shipbuilding industry, fuel cells, and emissions related to carbon capture and storage (CCUS), can also be included in greenhouse gas calculations.

Climate Change and Response: Global Concerns and the Role of Business

🚨 Earth's Temperature Up by 0.75℃! In-depth Analysis of the Korea CDP 2024 Report: Corporate Climate Crisis Response Status and Future Prospects

🌍 #ClimateChange #CarbonNeutrality #CDPReport #ESGMangement #Sustainability #CorporateResponsibility #GlobalIssue #EnvironmentalProtection #FutureGeneration

In recent years, 'climate change' and 'carbon neutrality' have emerged as global hot topics.

Moving beyond mere calls from environmental groups, they have become key keywords determining corporate survival and national competitiveness.

The fact that the Earth's temperature has risen by 0.75℃ over the past 100 years is sounding a serious alarm for us.

The reality of Tuvalu, a beautiful island nation in the South Pacific, facing submersion due to sea-level rise, along with unpredictable torrential rains and extreme droughts, is no longer a distant issue.

The consistent advocacy of Swedish teenage environmental activist Greta Thunberg and former US Vice President Al Gore has played a significant role in spreading awareness of this crisis worldwide.

Unlike unpredictable disasters like asteroid collisions, climate change is a problem we can fully recognize and address based on clear scientific evidence.

If the global community pools its wisdom and efforts, we can hopefully reverse this massive trend.

Diagnosis of Korean Companies' Climate Crisis Response Status: In-depth Analysis of the CDP 2024 Report Amidst this global concern, the CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project) plays a crucial role in encouraging companies and cities worldwide to transparently disclose their environmental impact, particularly their carbon emissions and climate change response efforts.

The recently published 'Korea CDP 2024 Report' is a significant indicator that thoroughly reveals the climate crisis response status of domestic companies.

In this post, we will conduct an in-depth analysis of the key findings of the Korea CDP 2024 Report, closely examining the climate governance, greenhouse gas reduction efforts, and the status of responses to water, plastic, and biodiversity issues among domestic companies, and suggest future directions.

✅ Key Findings Preview:

Climate Governance: Formal systems are in place, but securing substantive leadership is urgent.
Climate Risks and Response Strategies: Risk awareness has increased, but integration with actual management strategies is insufficient.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Scope 3 emissions are overwhelmingly high, necessitating urgent management and reduction efforts.
Carbon Reduction Targets: Target setting is active, but the pace of implementation is still slow.
RE100 and Renewable Energy: The utilization rate of domestic PPAs is very low, requiring regulatory improvement.
Water/Plastic/Biodiversity: Corporate awareness and response to environmental issues other than climate change are still in the early stages.

🌊 Clear Signs of Global Temperature Change:

The Current State of Climate Change on the Korean Peninsula The Korean Peninsula, where we live, is also not immune to the effects of rising global temperatures.

The past climate formula of "cold winters and hot summers" is gradually breaking down. Changes in summer monsoon patterns, spring droughts, and rising average temperatures are directly impacting our agriculture and ecosystems.

The cultivation of subtropical crops in the southern coast and the northward migration of major fish species like squid and pollock due to changes in ocean currents demonstrate that climate change has already deeply infiltrated our lives.

💡 Hope for Future Energy:

The Present and Future of Nuclear Fusion Research Amidst this crisis, nuclear fission and fusion technologies, which are attracting attention as future energy sources, are offering new hope to humanity.

In particular, the research on Tokamak-type nuclear fusion at Korea's K-STAR and the international joint research project ITER is raising expectations for securing clean and safe energy sources.

🎯 The Path to Carbon Neutrality:

Our Efforts and Challenges The key to solving the climate change problem is to drastically reduce greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) emissions, that is, to achieve carbon neutrality.

Various measures for achieving carbon neutrality are being explored in high-carbon-emitting sectors such as manufacturing and agriculture, and the CDP report serves as an important compass for reviewing the progress of these efforts and suggesting future directions.

Emotional, spicy and salty chili pepper pickles and jjanchi

The story of spicy and salty pickled chili peppers and jjanchi

The charm of pickled foods and the flavor of traditional Korean side dishes

Jangajji, standing in the middle of raw and cooked food

Before humans used fire, they ate mainly raw food. Raw food, which is mainly composed of plant-based ingredients, has the advantage of allowing the intake of vitamins that are sensitive to heat.

On the other hand, carbohydrate foods such as rice, potatoes, and bread are difficult to digest and absorb if not heated.

A representative food that can be enjoyed without heating is **pickled vegetables**. Jangajji is a healthy pickled food that is in the middle of traditional cooked food and raw food.

Pickled chili peppers, a warm taste in saltiness

One of the most popular pickled vegetables in Korea is pickled chili peppers.

With just one salty pickled chili pepper on freshly cooked rice, you can finish a bowl of rice without any side dishes.

Jangajji is made by boiling soy sauce, vinegar, and sugar in a pickling broth, and adding red peppers, garlic shoots, soybean leaves, radish, onions, sesame seeds, and melons, and letting it mature for a certain period of time.

It is a traditional side dish that whets the appetite with its salty taste and crunchy texture.

What is the difference between Jangajji and pickles?

A food similar to pickled red peppers is Western pickles.

Pickles are similar to Jangajji in that they are made by pickling vegetables using vinegar and spices, and can be stored for a long time.

However, Jangajji is characterized by its salty and deep soy sauce base that suits the taste of Koreans,

and it also serves as a great side dish on its own.

The difference between Jangajji, Kimchi, and Jjanchi

Jangajji is a non-fermented pickled food, and kimchi is a fermented pickled food. According to this standard, Jangajji is a preserved food that is stored without fermentation,

and Kimchi is a fermented food that has a deep flavor through lactic acid bacteria fermentation.

There is also a similar concept called ‘Jjanji’.

Jjanji is originally a very salty food made by pickling radish in salt, and it is a pickled food that focuses on salinity rather than fermentation.

As it originated from the expression ‘salty kimchi’, it is closer to kimchi than Jangajji.

Globalization of Jangajji: Plum Pickles vs. Japanese Umeboshi

Plum pickles are loved in Korea as a summer delicacy that whets the appetite.

On the other hand, Japanese Umeboshi uses the same plums, but is very salty and has a strong acidity.

The difference is that Korean-style plum pickles aim for a sweet and sour taste,

and are made to go well with rice or meat.

Conclusion: Jangajji is not just a simple side dish

Traditional pickled foods such as chili pepper pickles and janchi are not simply side dishes to be eaten with rice,

but are healthy preserved foods and slow foods that contain the wisdom of our ancestors.

Recalling the warmth and wisdom contained in the salty taste, how about putting some chili pepper pickles on for dinner tonight?

Related keywords:

- How to make chili pepper pickles

- Difference between janchi and jangajji

- Types of pickled foods

- How to store jangajji

- Traditional side dishes

- Soy sauce pickled vegetables recipe

The Future of Korea's Coal Industry

Coal, like oil, is the result of the high temperature and high pressure carbonization of Mesozoic vegetation in Earth's history, and has a huge impact on climate change, including greenhouse gas emissions.

Recently, the Jangseong sales office in Gangwon Province closed for the last time, and as a result, the coal company had no choice but to turn its attention to other areas, such as asbestos removal.

Even now, remnants of coal mines remain in Dogye, Samcheok, Cheoram, and Yeongwol in Gangwon Province and Mungyeong in Gyeongsang Province, and a coal mine remains in Hwasun, Jeolla Province.

While oil is now changing into an alternative energy source, coal is bound to emit more carbon dioxide than oil, and it also produces pollutants such as soot, and the impact on the human body during coal mining is bound to be greater.

Personally, I think it will be replaced by nuclear power plants, and further, nuclear fusion or small SMRs will become alternatives.

Even briquettes, represented by 19-gong-tan, are now only used for grilling meat, and charcoal such as oak has changed to charcoal grilling or steaming in kilns.

Even if explosives with strong explosive power are used to reduce damage from typhoons or tornadoes, and they disappear before civilians are harmed, somewhere on Earth, someone will inevitably be affected, whether the temperature or water temperature rises.

The greenhouse gas emission factor is the amount of carbon dioxide emitted when burning 1 kg of fuel.

Bi-tuminous coal: 2.7 ~ 3.5 kgCO₂/kg

Diesel oil: approximately 3.1 kgCO₂/kg

How to respond to the EU CSDDD (Supply Chain Sustainability Due Diligence Guidelines)

We should also pay attention to various measures in the EU related to ESG (sustainability). As one of the supply chain ESG management, the global regulation currently being implemented in Europe, the Supply Chain Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (EU CSDDD), will soon be implemented, so each company should prepare for it.

1. EU CSDDD On May 24, 2024, the European Parliament finally approved the EU Council and EU Commission agreement on the EU's Sustainable Supply Chain Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) with 374 votes in favor, 235 votes against, and 19 abstentions. It imposes a supply chain due diligence obligation to prevent human rights violations and environmental damage that may occur in the corporate value chain, and strengthens the victims' right to relief. 2. EU CSDDD Supply Chain Due Diligence Obligation - For companies within the EU, 'companies with 1,000 employees and global net sales exceeding 450 million euros' - For companies outside the EU, 'companies with EU net sales exceeding 450 million euros' are included in the supply chain due diligence obligation. 3. Domestic companies' response to the Supply Chain Due Diligence Act In June 2024, it was reported that Hyundai Motor Group began full-scale supply chain ESG management in order to respond to various global regulations including the European Corporate Sustainable Supply Chain Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD). Domestic companies will be subject to the Supply Chain Due Diligence Act in stages from 2027 to 2029. 4. Measures for non-compliance with regulations 1). Companies that do not comply with the Supply Chain Due Diligence Act will be subject to a fine of up to 5% of their global sales based on the previous fiscal year. 2). The European Civil Court can hold companies accountable for their actions, and those who have suffered damages due to the implementation of the Directive can be compensated for the impacts. 5. EU CSDDD response measures 1). Cooperation between human rights and environment teams Cooperation between human rights and environment departments and integrated risk assessments to respond to CSDDD 2). Shift to risk assessments for local communities Consider the potential impacts on local communities and ecosystems where companies operate when conducting social and environmental risk assessments, and form long-term relationships with local communities in the supply chain. 3). Linking actions with ESG disclosures Establish strategies to proactively address, prevent, and correct damage already incurred, with rapidly increasing ESG DATA 4). Encourage participation of the entire supply chain when risks occur Impacts should be mitigated and improved across the entire supply chain, including upstream and downstream, to prevent suspension or withdrawal of transactions with suppliers, and encourage participation.